Solved: Special Educational Needs and Disability in Sports and Physical Activites

Special Educational Needs and Disability in Sports and Physical Activites

The world has seen a lot of changes over the centuries regarding human rights and human equality. Recognising these rights and need for equality is an essential part of living in a diverse society. Perhaps some of the most ostracized people in the world are those living with disabilities. This is mainly because many people tend to take the literal meaning of a disability and apply it to the…….such that activities or events fail to be inclusive of people with disabilities (PWD). Human Rights activists propose that the way we define terms such as disability and special needs also contributes to the attitudes and impressions of PWD as well as others in the society.

The Sports section is one such area where activists work to redefine the role of society in engaging PWD and special educational needs.

Definition of Terms

Disability

Disability is a normal part of living as a human being. However, the extent of a disability and the impact it has on an individual is what matters. According to numerous sources, a person with a disability is one who has a physical or mental impairment which is long-term and has a substantial effect on how they carry out normal day-to-day activities. It is important to note that the main aspects which make an individual fall under this category are ruled by time and normal human physical and mental capacity. For instance, while a broken leg impairs one’s physical mobility for a few months, this does not pass for a disability as the constraints are only temporary and recuperative.

Theorists and activists alike argue that the whole construct of being disabled is actually caused by how society is organized and not the impairment of an individual. In essence, theorists argue that a disability is present when there are barriers, social, emotional or functional barriers, to normal performance; barriers that society should be well equipped to handle ……….. of the social model of disability propose that eradicating these barriers is the first step to ensuring equality.

Special Educational Needs

When human beings are growing up, learning becomes an educational need which is necessary if children are to properly integrate into society. However, there are those children who require more attention when learning relatively similar things. Children with special educational needs are, therefore, those with challenges that make it difficult for them to learn compared to their peers or other children of the same age.

There are several categories which institutions use when assessing whether children require special educational needs but generally, such pupils may have problems with their schoolwork or communication and behavior. Specifically, the Department of Education in England recognizes several types of needs including but not limited to special learning difficulty, moderate learning difficulty, social, emotional and mental health, speech language and communication needs, autistic spectrum disorder, and other difficulties.

According to the 2018 Survey on special educational needs in England, 14.6% of pupils in England require special educational needs. This figure translates to 1,276,215 of the total number of pupils. The most common primary type of need is the moderate learning difficulty which affects 24% of the pupils. Other common primary types of need include speech language and communication and social, emotional and mental health which affect 22.8% and 17.5% of the pupils respectively. With respect to the sports industry, another survey noted that more than 70% of individuals living with any form of disability do not participate at all in any sport while only 24%-30% participate in a sporting activity occasionally.

Such high figures or lack of participation are why activists are pushing for all round inclusiveness and reforms for PWD.

Disability Sport

Sherrill (1999) defines disability sport as a “recreational, competitive and Paralympic sports for people with disabilities. Various organizations also refer to these individuals as athletes with disabilities. As the term suggest, disability sports is largely limited to those with physical and mental needs which makes it difficult for them to participate on an equal ground with other competitors in conventional sports. However, the scope of disability sport may vary in different regions. For instance, some countries don’t recognize deafness as a disability in sport since this impairment does not limit their performance considerably.

Get Solution: Case Analysis Assignment

Case Analysis Assignment

 (The assignment is due at the beginning of class on the due date. Your report should run not less than 1000 words. I will accept papers up to any length)

Each of you is being assigned a case to review, brief, and analyze. Please see the list of assigned cases within this tab. Most of the cases are referenced in the text. For, particularly, longer cases, I have prepared for your review redacted versions of the opinions, that is, partial, rather than complete opinions. In completing this analysis, your task is, essentially, to summarize and discuss the assigned opinion. The text of all the opinions appear under the Blackboard tab labeled “Case Assignments”.

Objective.

The goal of this assignment is for you to gain experience briefing a court ruling.

Content.

Your analysis should include, but need not be limited to the following:

1. Caption. Provide the title of the case, the court, and the citation (for example, International Shoe v. State of Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (U.S. Supreme Court, 1945)).
2. Parties. Identify the parties to the case and their position within the case. Identify the plaintiff and the defendant. If the case is on appeal, identify the appellant and the appellee.
3. Facts of the case. Describe what transpired between the parties involved before the case was brought to the court. Reference the most material facts.
4. Jurisdiction. Indicate the jurisdiction in which the case arises. That is, indicate which court is ruling on the case. Indicate which jurisdiction’s laws are being applied.
5. Applicable law. What law does the court apply? If the court is applying a statute to determine the case, cite the statute.
6. Issues. What questions are addressed by court in the case?
7. Holding. What is the decision of the court?
8. Rationale. What is the court’s reason for holding as it does?
9. Analysis. Provide your thoughts on court’s decision. Do you agree or disagree with the opinion of the court? Why? What is the significance of the case? If there are dissenting opinions in the case, what do you think about the dissents?

 please provide your completed case analysis. Please include your name. Your analysis should be typed and presented on 81⁄2 x 11-inch paper. You may either single or double space as you desire. Please allow one-inch margins to the right and left (in order that I have space for margin notes).

Get solution - Identify the major activities of I/O psychologists in research and practice settings

 Objective 2: Identify the major activities of I/O psychologists in research and practice setting

Chapter 1 discussion is associated with Objective 2: Identify the major activities of I/O psychologists in research and practice settings (see pages 5 - 7)

For this discussion, first go to this company's website and look at the “Services” they provide: Industrial Psychology Consultants (http://www.ipcconsultants.com).  Most of these services (see "service" tab on their website) are examples of areas covered in Industrial psychology.  This consulting firm is an example of "practice settings" as discussed on page 6 of the textbook. 

1. For this discussion, list a service this company provides and why you think it would affect an organization.  For instance, which service do you think would result in the greatest improvement in job-performance at some organization?  
2. Alternatively, which service would result in the greatest improvement in job-satisfaction at some organization?   

Solved: ECON 201 Principles of Macroeconomics Chapter 22 - Inflation

Ch22 Inflation

Multiple Choice Questions

1. __________ implies that pressure for price increases reaches across _______________markets, not just one.

A. inflation; all

B. deflation; most

C. inflation; most

D. deflation; all

Answer: C  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

2. While one occasionally sees references to inflation over short time periods, the term typically implies a(n)_____________ in prices.

A. ongoing decrease

B. ongoing rise

C. short term rise

D. short term decrease

Answer: B  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

3. The effects of inflation are seen in:

A. goods and services only

B. wages and income levels only

C. services and wages only

D. goods, services, wages and income levels

Answer: D  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

4. Inflation implies that the level of all prices _____________________.

A. decrease

B. stay the same

C. increase

D. none of the above

Answer: C  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

5. When Anders took out his first two-year membership with Maxima Gym in 2004, the fee was $540.00.  He renewed his membership three times; in 2006 for $580.00, in 2008, for $600.00, and again in 2010, for $630.00. What is the overall rate of inflation for Anders' gym membership?

A. 8.6%

B. 5.4%

C. 7.87%

D. 16.66%

Answer: D  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

6. Inflation can be calculated in terms of how the overall cost of ___________________ changes over time.

A. all goods

B. the basket of goods

C. all goods and services

D. all services

Answer: B  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

7. If the price index moves from 107 to 110, the rate of inflation is:

A. 3%

B. 30%

C. 28%

D. 2.8%

Answer: D  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

8. The most commonly cited measure of inflation in the United States is:

A. the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

B. the Deflationary Price Index (DPI)

C. the Cumulative Price Index (CPI)

D. the Inflationary Price Index (IPI)

Answer: A  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

9. One of the reasons that a rise in the price of a fixed basket of goods over time tends to overstate the rise in a consumer’s true cost of living, is:

A. substitution bias

B. attribution bias

C. complimentary bias

D. preference bias

Answer: A  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

10. The percentage change in the price level from one time period to the next, whether the price level is measured in terms of money or as a price index, will be the _____________.

A. inflation rate

B. price index rate

C. consumer price index

D. producer price Index

Answer: A  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

11. The basket of goods in the Consumer Price Index consists of about _________ products; that is, several hundred specific products in over __________ broad-item categories.

A. 200; 800

B. 80,000; 400

C. 80,000; 200

D. 800; 200

Answer: C  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                  

12. Two factors that complicate the calculation of the inflation rate are:

A. substitution and quality/new product bias

B. preferential bias

C. complimentary product bias

D. consumer behavior bias

Answer: A  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

13. When we want to measure wage inflation in the labor market, we use the:

A. Consumer Price Index

B. Product Price Index

C. Employment Cost Index

D. Employment Price Index

Answer: C  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

14. The Producer Price Index is based on prices paid for supplies and inputs by:

A. consumers

B. producers of goods and services

C. government

D. the small business sector

Answer: B  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

15. The ____________________ is based on the prices of merchandise that are exported or imported.

A. International Product Index

B. Producer Price Index

C. Foreign Price Index

D. International Price Index

Answer: A  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

16. Another term used to describe negative inflation is:

A. counter inflation

B. deflation

C. hyperinflation

D. GDP deflator

Answer: B  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

17. In the early 1990’s extremely high inflation rates of 2500% were common in Russia. During that time, we can say that as a result of those inflation rates, Russia was experiencing ___________________.

A. perpetual inflation

B. ultra inflation

C. hypo inflation

D. hyperinflation

Answer: D  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

18. Which of the following is an example of one of the major categories in the overall CPI?

A. apparel and accessories

B. entertainment

C. recreation

D. transportation and insurance

Answer: C  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

19. The situation where the buying power of money in terms of goods and services increases is called:

A. deflation.

B. inflation.

C. stationary pricing.

D. hyperinflation.

Answer: A  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

20. Which of the following is the name used to describe the price index that consists of intermediate goods and finished goods?

A. Producer Price Index

B. Consumer Price Index

C. Employment Cost Index

D. Processing Price Index

Answer: A  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

21. What name is given to the index based on the prices of exported or imported merchandise?

A. U.S. Producer Trade Index

B. International Trade Index

C. International Price Index

D. U.S. Producer Price Index

Answer: C  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

22. An economics professor is discussing a measure of inflation over time based on a basket of goods comprised of all the components of GDP. Which measure is it?

A. Consumer Price Index

B. GDP Price Index

C. Consumer GDP

D. GDP Deflator

Answer: D  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

23. The GDP deflator is a price index that includes the following components of GDP:

A. Consumption

B. Consumption plus Investment but not Exports

C. Consumption, Investment plus Exports minus Imports

D. Consumption, Investment, Government plus Exports minus Imports

Answer: D  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                    

24. With regard to the economy, the term negative inflation is synonymous with which of the following?

A. recession

B. depression

C. deflation

D. hyperinflation

Answer: C  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

25. An analyst needs to adjust the nominal GDP for the years 2000 and 2010 into real terms to conclude his comparison analysis. The nominal GDP in 2000 was $672 billion and $1,690 billion for 2010; the real interest rate was 6.79% in 2000 and 3.71% in 2010; the 2000 deflator was 24 and 51 in 2010. What is the real gain?

A. 18.34%

B. 38.58%

C. 151.48%

D. 70.61%

Answer: A  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

26. Alex wants to measure the nominal 1998 GDP of $993 billion in 2008 dollars. From the data he gathered, he knows the deflator for 1998 is 30 and for 2008, it is 74, and that real interest in those years was 6.23% and 3.21% respectively. If he avoids making a misleading calculation, what will the value be?  

A. $430 billion

B. $835 billion

C. $2,063 billion

D. $2,449 billion

Answer: D  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

27. What distinguishes the real value of a statistic from the nominal value of a statistic?

A. timing of announcement

B. adjusting for inflation

C. adjusting for GDP deflator

D. real interest rate

Answer: B  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

28. Nancy's union has negotiated a three-year wage contract that provides for a 2.4% increase indexed to inflation. The rates of inflation are forecast to be 1.62%, 1.93% and 2.21% respectively. How will Nancy's wage increase be expressed in the new contract?

A. COLA plus 1.6%

B. COLA plus 1.9%

C. COLA plus 2.4%

D. COLA plus 2.2%

Answer: C  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

29. When a price, wage, or interest rate is adjusted automatically with inflation, it is said to be __________.

A. indexed

B. COLAed

C. nominally adjusted

D. semi-indexed

Answer: A   Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

30. In the 1970s and 1980s, labor unions commonly negotiated wage contracts that had _______________________ which guaranteed that their wages would keep up with inflation.

A. cost of living adjustments

B. inflation protection plans

C. inflation ceiling guarantees

D. wage protection clauses

Answer: A  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

31. The effect of substitution bias is that the rise in the price of a fixed basket of goods over time tends to ___________________ the rise in a consumer’s true cost of living, because it doesn’t take into account that the person can substitute between goods according to changes in their relative prices.

A. stabilize

B. understate

C. overstate

D. reduce

Answer: C  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

32. The __________________ is the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.

A. real GDP

B. real interest rate

C. nominally adjusted

D. annualized interest rate

Answer: B  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

33. A payment is said to be ________________ if it is automatically adjusted for inflation.

A. cross referenced

B. indexed

C. matched

D. maintained

Answer: B   Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

34. A lender demands an interest rate in part to compensate for any expected ___________, so that the money that is repaid in the future will have at least as much buying power as the money that was originally loaned.

A. risk premium

B. inflation

C. compound interest

D. opportunity costs

Answer: B  Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Multiple Choice                   

Essay Questions

1. Identify and contrast the differences between the rise in prices due to inflation and the rise in prices in microeconomic markets.

The first difference is that price changes in the microeconomic supply-and-demand model refer to a price in a particular market. Inflation implies that pressure for price increases reaches across most markets, not just one.

The second difference is that price increases in the supply-and-demand model were one-time events, representing a shift from a previous equilibrium to a new one. Inflation over short time periods may happen occasionally, but the term typically implies an ongoing rise in prices.

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

2. Describe the formula used to calculate the annual rate of inflation.

Level in new year - level in original year x 100 = percentage change

___________________________________________

                (level in original year)

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

3. Explain why statisticians use index numbers to calculate the rate of inflation. Describe the formula for the calculation.

Statisticians use index numbers as substitutes for dollar amounts to simplify the task of interpreting the price levels for more realistic and complex baskets of goods.

Total amount spent in base year      =     Total amount spent in other year

__________________________________                ___________________________________

Index number in base year, always 100      Index number in other year

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

4. Identify the most commonly cited measure of inflation in the United States and explain how it is calculated. Identify and briefly discuss the subtle problem that statisticians have paid considerable attention to in recent years.

The most commonly cited measure of inflation in the United States is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI is calculated by government statisticians at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics based on the price level based on a basket of goods and services that represents the purchases of the average consumer.

In recent years, the statisticians at the Bureau of Labor Statistics have paid considerable attention to the subtle problem that measuring how the total cost of buying a fixed basket of goods has evolved over time is conceptually not quite the same as measuring a change in the cost of living, which represents how much it costs for a person to feel that their consumption provides an equal level of satisfaction or utility.

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

5. Identify and briefly describe the problems that always arise from measuring price levels with a fixed basket of goods and what steps can be taken to counter these problems.

Measuring price levels with a fixed basket of goods will always have two problems, namely substitution bias and quality/new goods bias.

The substitution bias, arises when using a fixed basket of goods because it does not allow for buying more of what is relatively less expensive and less of what is relatively more expensive.

The quality/new goods bias arises when using a fixed basket because doing so cannot take into account improvements in quality and the advent of new goods.

Both of these problems can be reduced in degree—for example, by allowing the basket of goods to evolve over time—but they cannot be totally eliminated.

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

6. Contrast the influence of inflation with the influence of deflation with respect to the buying power of money in terms of goods and services.

Inflation is a time when the buying power of money in terms of goods and services is reduced. Deflation is a time when the buying power of money in terms of goods and services increases.

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

7. Russia experienced inflation of 2500% per year in the early 1990s. Identify the term used to describe this extreme level of inflation rate and briefly discuss the contributing economic factors that caused this situation to arise.

Historically, Russia had a controlled economy with very low rates of measured inflation because prices were forbidden to rise by law. During those times, the Russian population also had perpetual shortages of goods, because forbidding prices to rise acted like a price ceiling and created a situation where the quantity of goods demanded often exceeded the quantity supplied. As Russia made a transition toward a more market-oriented economy in the 1990s, the price ceilings were eliminated and as a consequence the economy experienced an outburst of extreme inflation, known as hyperinflation before settling in time to a more reasonable rate of inflation at less than 10%.

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

8. Describe the relationship between inflation levels in prices and inflation levels for prices, wages and interest rates with respect to their ability to affect people's economic status and business outcomes. 

If all prices, wages, and interest rates adjusted automatically and immediately with inflation, then no one’s purchasing power or profits or real loan payments would change. However, if other economic variables do not move exactly in sync with inflation, or if they adjust for inflation only after a time lag, then inflation can cause three types of problems: unintended redistributions of purchasing power, blurred price signals, and difficulties in long-term planning.

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

9. In 1996 the U.S. government began offering indexed bonds. Contrast the use of traditional government bonds with government indexed bonds. Include a brief explanation of the benefits of each form of bond and identify the party that received that benefit.

Traditionally, government bonds have paid a fixed rate of interest. This policy gave a government that had borrowed an incentive to encourage inflation, because it could then repay its past borrowing in inflated dollars at a lower real interest rate.

Indexed government bonds promise to pay a certain real rate of interest above whatever inflation rate occurs. A retiree trying to plan for the long term and worried about the risk of inflation, will benefit by purchasing indexed government bonds which guarantee a rate of return higher than inflation no matter the level of inflation.

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

10. Compare the different measures of inflation known as GDP deflator, the Producer Price Index and explain how to calculate the real interest rate.

The GDP deflator is based on a basket of goods representing everything in GDP. The Producer Price Index is based on a basket of goods representing supplies and inputs bought by producers of goods and services. The real interest rate is calculated by subtracting the rate of inflation from the nominal interest.

Reference:

Explanation:

Type: Essay                   

 11. Why does $100 in the future not have the same value as $100 today?

Reference:

Explanation: Even if you knew with complete certainty that the $100 will be repaid in the future, and even if the rate of inflation is zero, it is still annoying to wait several years for repayment. If you have the money now, you can spend it on something now if you wish to do so and receive benefits from that spending. Being forced to wait is an intangible cost, but still a cost. This cost of having to wait is referred to as the time value of money.

Type: Essay